New results indicate that ground nester birds might avoid urban areas as nesting sites. The results suggest that nest predation is important factor why hole-nesting bird species outnumbered ground-nesting species in cities and that nest predation pressure can modify urban bird assemblage structure.

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3. New results indicate that ground nester birds might avoid urban areas as nesting sites. The results suggest that nest predation is important factor why hole-nesting bird species outnumbered ground-nesting species in cities and that nest predation pressure can modify urban bird assemblage structure.